IN CHILDHOOD
Female genital mutilation (FGM) can result in death either directly or indirectly, often through haemorrhage or infection. Girls may be exposed to HIV, sepsis, and tetanus if unsterilised tools are used during FGM. Furthermore, girls may experience psychological trauma and shock following the procedure. FGM is frequently a precursor to child marriage.
IN GIRLHOOD
Girls may encounter challenges with urination and menstruation due to FGM types 2 and 3, which can lead to infections and conditions like pelvic inflammatory disease.
Additionally, girls may develop cysts, ulcers, and abscesses post-FGM. The adverse health effects of FGM can disrupt girls' education, as many are forced to miss school to recover, resulting in high dropout rates and long-term socioeconomic disadvantages.
IN MARRIAGE AND DURING INTERCOURSE
Sexual intercourse can be painful and traumatic for women who have undergone FGM. Those with type 3 FGM may require cutting or forced penetration to engage in sex. Scar tissue from FGM can cause chronic pain for women and sometimes for their partners as well. Infertility linked to FGM can lead to women being ostracized and abandoned by their spouses and communities.
DURING CHILDBIRTH
Type III FGM has a direct impact on maternal and infant mortality rates. Women with type III FGM face a 70% higher risk of postpartum haemorrhage and are twice as likely to die during childbirth. There is an increased risk of stillbirth due to complications like obstruction, perineal tears, and foetal distress.
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